Death Anxiety and Caregiver Burnout - Free Essay Example

Introduction: The nature of working in healthcare entails exposure to death. Death anxiety, according to Doenges (2016) is a nursing diagnosis defined as a Vague uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread generated by perceptions of a real or imagined threat to ones existence (p 219-222). Lee King (2014) add that Caregivers who experience death anxiety have anxious thoughts or feelings when thinking about or talking about death and/or the dying process, or when interacting with someone who is dying (p 480). Healthcare workers, including nurses, report feeling unconfident in their ability to talk about death, much less to provide talk therapy to dying patients, and are at greater risk of experiencing burnout (Lee King, 2014, p 480). As this writer struggles with work-related death anxiety, with respect to self and patients, an article (Exploring Death Anxiety and Burnout Among Staff Members Who Work In Outpatient Hemodialysis Units) on the subject of death anxiety specific to nurses was located in the ProQuest database. The article was analyzed so that possible solutions for death anxiety might be undertaken to prevent death anxiety-induced burnout. Summary: Lee and King (2014), the authors of the article, assert that caregiver death anxiety is positively correlated with burnout. They hypothesize that education on EOL care might serve as a treatment for death anxiety and burnout. They point out that both death anxiety and burnout can negatively impact the quality of care that caregivers provide, as well as their job satisfaction and increases job turnover (p 479-480). They found numerous studies that validate their assertions: that patient mortality is positively correlated with unresolved grieving (Gerow et al., 2010, as cited in Lee King, 2014), that these can lead to frustration, moral distress, compassion fatigue, depression, and burnout (Ashker, Penprase, Salman, 2012; Dermody Bennett, 2008; Hayes Bonner, 2010, as cited in Lee King, 2014), that turnover was positively correlated with psychological stress (Argentero, DellOlivio, Ferretti, 2008; Hayes Bonner, 2010, as cited in Lee King, 2014) and many more; a total of 33 scholarly resources were cited by the authors to validate their points. To test their hypothesis, they sampled fifteen nurses working in hemodialysis units and provided four classes on EOL care, each two hours long and one week apart from the others. To assess the efficacy of their program, they used the Revised Collet-Lester Fear of Death and Dying Scale and the Maslachs Burnout Inventory; both tools were administered before the program and after. The conclusion of the program was that it was successful, but with several limitations. All of the participants were female, the sample size was small, and not all of the participants finished the program. Because of these limitations, the authors admitted that results may not be generalizable to other [hemodialysis] units. In spite of this, the authors do not make any recommendations for further study or research. (Lee King, 2014, p 479-486) Critique: Lee King (2014) write in a clear and logical manner: they begin with an overview of the environment in which they plan to draw participants, their motives studying the topic chosen, their hypothesis and exactly how their experiment will test their hypothesis. They explain the study in appropriate detail and provide more than enough of evidence for their foundational claims. The important terms (death anxiety, burnout, unresolved grieving, hemodialysis, end-of-life care) were all defined by the second page of the article. The article made clear that the impact of death anxiety on caregivers was more extensive than this writer had thought; for example, the psychological strain created by death anxiety can lead to compassion fatigue (p 479-480). The article was submitted to the Nephrology Nursing Journal and is appropriate for their audience (nurses, especially those who work in the field of nephrology) as the topic is directly relevant to their field and explores solutions for a commo n problem that such nurses deal with (Lee King, 2014, p 479). Lee King appear to have a confirmation bias: the experiment they conducted had, at its end, only eleven participants and at no point did they establish a control group; yet they still concluded that their experiment was a success and made no mention of the placebo effect in their discussion of experimental limitations (Lee King, 2014, p 483-484). While this is the only error they have made, it is a rather serious error given that it is the culmination of the article and casts doubt on all of the primary research done by Lee King in this study. The only arguments that effectively support their main point lie in evidence drawn from other sources. The authors make no mention of an opposing viewpoint, further illuminating their confirmation bias. These flaws invalidate their limited conclusion. Reflection: Lee King (2014) promised to demonstrate a connection between death anxiety and burnout in the nursing profession, (p 479-481), and a cursory review of the article appears to offer a genuine solution to both. However, their experiment does not hold up to a critical and scientific analysis. The greatest feeling that this writer experienced while reading the article was a feeling of alienation as Lee King (2014) point out that one of the risk factors of psychological stress is being an unmarried male (p 481) and then proceed to conduct an experiment with only female participants. To be clear, even if the authors had made a concerted effort to recruit male participants it may have still proven impossible given the gender ratio in nursing; further, the advantages of being (an unmarried) male are legion; the same cannot be said for women (Kellet, et al, 2014, p 82-86). Knowing this does not alleviate the feeling of alienation, but given that the focus of the paper was on hemo dialysis and caregiver death anxiety (and not, for example, on how gender impacts the care provided by a caregiver), the authors are under no obligation to address this. In spite of its flaws, this article is still useful to a nurse struggling with death anxiety in relation to their work. The article confirms that death anxiety is not only common among caregivers, but that it is also worth treating. The authors make it clear that the tendency of nurses (and other caregivers) to avoid talking about death anxiety is problematic. They also point out the relationship death anxiety has with unresolved grieving, which suggests that death anxiety on the part of the caregiver might be alleviated by finding healthier ways to grieve for deceased patients that are still compatible with the professional and ethical expectations of the nursing profession, and may even improve the ability of a nurse to engage in therapeutic conversation with patients receiving EOL care (Lee King, 2014, p 480-481). Conclusion: This writer still struggles with death anxiety, but the act of reading the article have eased the symptoms. Lee King (2014) did explore death anxiety and burnout in the healthcare field (specifically hemodialysis) and included an experiment to test the efficacy of education on death anxiety. The experiment failed to include a large simple random sample, had no control, and ultimately did a better job of proving the authors confirmation bias than illuminate any actual solution for death anxiety. In spite of this, the authors diligence in their preliminary research (p 479-485) still made this paper a valuable resource for caregivers struggling with death anxiety. References Argentero, P., DellOlivo, B., Ferretti, M.S., (2008). Staff burnout and patient satisfaction with the quality of dialysis care. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51(1), 80-92.doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.011 Ashker, V.E., Penprase, B., Salman, A. (2012). Work-related emotional stressors and coping strategies that affect the well-being of nurses working in hemodialysis units. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 39(3), 231-236. Dermody, K., Bennett, P.N. (2008). Nurse stress in hospital and satellite haemodialysis units. Journal of Renal Care, 34(1), 28-32. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2008.00007.x Doenges, M., Moorhouse, M., Murr, A. (2016). Nurses Pocket Guide (14th ed.). Philadephia, PA: F. A. Davis Company Gerow, L., Conejo, P., Alonzo, A., Davis, N., Rodgers, S., Domian, E.W. (2010). Creating a curtain of protection: Nurses experiences of grief following patient death. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(2), 122-129.doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01343.x Hayes, B., Bonner, A. (2010). Job satisfaction, stress, and burnout associated with haemodialysis nursing: A review of the literature. Journal of Renal Care, 36(4), 174-179. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2010.00194.x Kellett, P., Gregory, D. M., Evans, J. (2014). Patriarchal paradox: Gender performance and mens nursing careers. Gender in Management, 29(2), 77-90. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2013-0063 Lee, V. L., King, A. H. (2014). Exploring death anxiety and burnout among staff members who work in outpatient hemodialysis units. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 479-485,518,486. Retrieved from https://ezproxygbcc.ccsnh.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1617932262?accountid=3779

Western Influence in China and Japan Essay - 1649 Words

China and Japan are two unique civilizations that went through similar, yet vastly different changes throughout their histories. Their growth and response to other nations differed in many ways in government, lifestyle, and general well-being. One of the main causes for such difference between the countries is the way the West influenced each region, and the way China and Japan responded to this influence. China focused more on the idea of being a status oriented society, while Japan was more goal oriented based. In China, anyone had the ability to better themselves and change their status through civil examinations given by the government. Western impact however slowly changed this old age system. Japans caste system viewed†¦show more content†¦Life was not idle in China as everyone had something to do. Based on Confucian values, groups and classes respected each other and their work knowing the value of each. Chiangs father further demonstrated this by being an hon est and generous man, respected by the people of the village in particular and surrounding districts generally (Chiang 29). By giving honor and reverence to others, Chiangs father in turn received such respect. His benevolence was noticed by the community and thus treated him in a higher light. However, relation with other classes was not always bright, especially in other nations. Chiang describes his encounters in America as he says California was not so hospitable a land socially for the Chinese as to make on feel congenial or at ease (Chiang 68). Regardless of being part of the elite class, he was not always treated with the utmost status. Skin color and national origin created barriers between individuals and societies in general. Chinese elites relations with the other classes embodied more than the typical notion of master and servant. Individuals were respected for their own work and valued for what they brought to China. Fukuzawa in his autobiography details his rel ation with the lower classes in an act of respect and equality. Because he was originally born into a low rank family, he held those under him asShow MoreRelatedChina And Japan s Influence On The Western Civilization950 Words   |  4 PagesChina and Japan had similar but different experiences with the Western civilization. China and Japan reacted differently to the Western nations and it was China’s reactions to the West that would break the Chinese’s isolation leaving their traditions behind. 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In Japan, China, and India each country was faced with similar opportunities, and chose a different path that has impacted their future, setting them aside from one another. When Western countries came into China, India, and Japan, each country reacted differently to the Western ideas that these foreigners brought which would then change the culture. Japan and China secluded themselves

Is Vaccines A Cause Of Autism Spectrum Disorder - 1257 Words

Precious or Poisonous: A Choice All Parents Must Make â€Å"Ever since the smallpox vaccine in 1798 there has been an argument over the safety, effectiveness and morality of vaccinations† (Immunization Action Timeline). In 2015 we have progressed as far as to find a vaccine for Ebola, however, the controversy still continues. In Tennessee, residents can refuse vaccines because of a religious reason. Many other states also allow their residents to refuse vaccines for religious and philosophical reasons (National Vaccine Information Center). Because states allow people to refuse vaccines, there is a chance that epidemics and vaccine prevented diseases could return. Many people question the safety of vaccines, therefore they refuse them. Most popular is the idea that vaccines can be a cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, states that this is false. The CDC repeatedly says that there is no link between these two. There have been studies showing that the ingredients in vaccines are not the cause of Autism. â€Å"One vaccine ingredient that has been studied specifically is thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative used to prevent contamination of multidose vials of vaccines. Research shows that thimerosal does not cause ASD† (Centers for Disease Control). â€Å"The most recent Cochrane systematic review of research on the MMR vaccine included six self-controlled case series studies, two ecological studies, one case crossover trial,Show MoreRelatedIs Vaccines A Cause Of Autism Spectrum Disorder?1179 Words   |  5 PagesMake â€Å"Ever since the smallpox vaccine in 1798 there has been an argument over the safety, effectiveness and morality of vaccinations† (Immunization Action Timeline). In 2015 we have progressed as far as to find a vaccine for Ebola but the controversy still continues. In Tennessee, residents can refuse vaccines because of a religious reason. 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Goal of Accuracy free essay sample

Goal of Accuracy (desire to achieve accurate perception of reality) 1 . Affect and Arousal use feelings as cues for effective responding affect infusion model (AIM): targets mood matters fear-then-relief procedure 2. Thats Not All Technique (TAN) short time for rational decision making present initial deal, and then immediately sweeten the deal. Higher anchor point, range of acceptance. 3. Resistance disrupt then airframe technique (DIRT): 3 dollars, 300 pennies, its a bargain Keep reframing!! 4. Authority and Obedience rewarded for behaving in accordance with authority, holocaust 5.Social norms follow social norms especially during times of uncertainty to AC respond to social situations. Goal of Affiliation (desire to maintain meaningful social relationships) 1 . Liking the more we like and approve of them, the more likely we comply with his or her requests (for help). heuristics lead Pl to respond as if there is truly meaningful relationships. Egg. Shared names, birthdays and other superficial stuff let them comply request. We will write a custom essay sample on Goal of Accuracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page trivial dialogue by salespeople impression management (remembering name) 2.Reciprocation repay others for what they have given->strongest and most pervasive forces in all human cultures. (builds trust and equity) 3. Door-in-the-face technique precede actual request with a more extreme request likely to get rejected Pl feel like since the salesperson compromised, he/she compromises as well and this causes compliance. Evaluations: size of concession dont matter Conch: it doesnt matter only after a bottom line threshold is met and it is interpreted as past an authentic concession. (got more but skipped cause not relevant) Goal of Maintaining a Positive Self-Concept (behaving consistently) 1 .Foot-in- the-door technique comply with small request (almost certainly accepts) then requester makes larger, related request. This causes Pl to reflect their recent actions, changing self-view cause wan be more consistent and therefore likely comply more. those with clearer self-concepts (l AM VERY CONSISTENT) would succumb to FIT. preference for consistency (FPC) scale. Those high on scale likely to comply (more but stopped at together. ) 2. Consistency and Commitment consistent to previous behaviors and commitments (FIT is consistent with recent actions). Example is volunteers for AIDS awareness. Those who made active commitments more likely to show up and forceful displays usually attributed to persons OWN traits, attitudes, and tendencies Rather than just presenting resell as good. PUBLIC Commitments: low ball technique. After committing to buy the car, salesperson modifies and person more likely complies. Got more. May be important if u use this point. Conformity changing ones behavior to match responses of others informational is desire to form accurate interpretation of reality and behave erectly.